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h-index
The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the scientific productivity and the apparent scientific impact of a scientist. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other people's publications. The index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist at UCSD, as a tool for determining theoretical physicists' relative quality and is sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number.
H-index from a plot of decreasing citations for numbered papers
The index is based on the distribution of citations received by a given researcher's publications. Hirsch writes:
A scientist has index h if h of [his/her] Np papers have at least h citations each, and the other (Np − h) papers have at most h citations each.
In other words, a scholar with an index of h has published h papers each of which has been cited by others at least h times. Thus, the h-index reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. The index is designed to improve upon simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications. The index works properly only for comparing scientists working in the same field; citation conventions differ widely among different fields.
The h-index serves as an alternative to more traditional journal impact factor metrics in the evaluation of the impact of the work of a particular researcher. Because only the most highly cited articles contribute to the h-index, its determination is a relatively simpler process. Hirsch has demonstrated that h has high predictive value for whether a scientist has won honors like National Academy membership or the Nobel Prize. In physics, a moderately productive scientist should have an h equal to the number of years of service while biomedical scientists tend to have higher values. The h-index grows as citations accumulate and thus it depends on the 'academic age' of a researcher.
Hirsch suggested that, for physicists, a value for h of about 10–12 might be a useful guideline for tenure decisions at major research universities. A value of about 18 could mean a full professorship, 15–20 could mean a fellowship in the American Physical Society, and 45 or higher could mean membership in the United States National Academy of Sciences. Little systematic investigation has been made on how academic recognition correlates with h-index over different institutions, nations and fields of study.
The h-index has been characterized in terms of three natural axioms by Woeginger . The simplest of these three axioms states that by increasing the number of citations to a single article, the research index should not increase by more than 1.
Calculating h
The h-index can be manually determined using free Internet databases, such as Google Scholar or freeware such as Publish or Perish. Subscription-based databases such as Scopus and the Web of Knowledge provide automated calculators. Each database is likely to produce a different h for the same scholar, because of different coverage: Google Scholar has more citations than Scopus and Web of Science but the smaller citation collections tend to be more accurate. In addition, specific databases, such as Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System (SPIRES) can automatically calculate h-index for researchers working in High Energy Physics.
The topic has been studied in detail by Lokman I. Meho and Kiduk Yang.[5][6] Web of Knowledge was found to have strong coverage of journal publications, but poor coverage of high impact conferences. Scopus has better coverage of conferences, but poor coverage of publications prior to 1996; Google Scholar has the best coverage of conferences and most journals (though not all), but like Scopus has limited coverage of pre-1990 publications.[6] The exclusion of conference preprints is a problem for scholars in computer science, where conference preprints are considered an important part of the literature, but reflects common practice in most scientific fields where conference preprints are unrefereed and are accorded less weight in evaluating academic productivity. Google Scholar has also been criticized for producing "phantom citations," including gray literature in its citation counts, and failing to follow the rules of Boolean logic when combining search terms.[7] For example, the Meho and Yang study found that Google Scholar identified 53% more citations than Web of Knowledge and Scopus combined, but noted that most of the additional citations reported by Google Scholar were from low-impact journals or conference proceedings. It has been suggested that in order to deal with the sometimes wide variation in h for a single academic measured across the possible citation databases, that one could assume false negatives in the databases are more problematic than false positives and take the maximum h measured for an academic.
Advantages
The h-index was intended to address the main disadvantages of other bibliometric indicators, such as total number of papers or total number of citations. Total number of papers does not account for the quality of scientific publications, while total number of citations can be disproportionately affected by participation in a single publication of major influence. The h-index is intended to measure simultaneously the quality and sustainability of scientific output, as well as, to some extent, the diversity of scientific research. The h-index is much less affected by methodological papers proposing successful new techniques, methods or approximations, which can be extremely highly cited
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